QI Queyuanburu Dao and prosperity of the Mind. until the mid-Ming Dynasty, air school, was again injected new vitality. Ming Wang Tingxiang become the most important representative of the mid-air school, which to the late Ming and early Qing, Wang Fu-chih of the QI and the whole system of Neo-Confucianism were summarized. but because the Ming and Qing Wang Fu-chih philosophy have been attributed to the study areas, so this chapter describes only the gas Zhang Zai and Wang Tingxiang Thought.
I, Zhang Zai, Wang Tingxiang's life and work
(a) the life and works of Zhang Zai Zai
(10201078), the word sub thick, Mei County, Shaanxi Fengxiang Hengqu town, scholars said Mr. Hengqu. Guanzhong by Zai lectures, the students many to human relations, so called off school for the school.
Zai young, have generously ambition to serve the country. to remote control, teach him, said: Zhu explained that the old book, For ages do their research, said nothing to gain knowledge, but seek the embarked on the road of Science. However, practice-oriented, value-oriented focus has always practical impact on his life.
Political Reform, Zhang had been contained Wang's early appreciated the opportunity to be reused, but two of the Reform advocates different, with the younger brother of Zhang Zai Jian Zhang strongly opposed the new law and other reasons, they resigned from the office of Zhang Zai, back to the town of residence to give lectures in Shaanxi Hengqu books. Years later, although the life of the church because of Wong undone on, but in the end In the ceremony because of issues with the competent ritualists disagreement, coupled with very ill, complex resign never to return, who died in the way homecoming.
Zhang Zai's theory, mainly in the first lecture after the return of books formed. Zai diligent in thinking, rigorous scholarship, those who dare not considered lightly. , something to the knowledge of, or in the night-ups, take candle to the book. Kwong Road, Jing Si, might come a moment interest rates, also a bad idea even for a moment forget it. Fruit and vegetables spacious clothing, and various health lectures, each of the divisions in order to inform the ceremony, changes in temperament of the Road, school will be like the saints beating. Zhiren and I do not know that day, seeking to find a saint or sage, the Qin and Han scholars since the large shelter of it. and Wang Cheng brothers and separate categories of new learning. However, Zhang Zai dead, the related decline of learning, his disciples go two-way multi-sects.
Zai many writings, but unfortunately in the Yuan, Ming Sanyi a lot of time, the are kept, Life and works of
Wang Tingxiang (14741544), from sub-scale, Jun No. Sichuan, Henan instrument seal (now Lankao) people. Wang Tingxiang Gordon Chin, 29, first, began his career in officialdom more than four decades, historical official to the Ministry of War Shang, Censorate left are Censor, Ming with contemporary Wang Shou-ren senior government officials. his life advocates reform of maladministration against the eunuchs, Quan Chen's high-handedness, bribery of public rows, has been in power twice punished Diuguan . Wang Tingxiang promote scholarly research focuses on practical, effective, requiring where the lack of the most scholarly. departure from the practical, Wang Tingxiang a wide range of research interests in astronomy, and other aspects important to the musical harvest.
In philosophy, Wang Tingxiang of Taoism and the Mind are summarized, is Qi Ming to learn the most important representatives. He and Wang Shou-ren were contemporaries who start school in the heart of Wang Shou-ren censure from the Neo-Confucianism Neo internal stir uproar in the same time, Wang Tingxiang Zhang has inherited the gas contained in science, from the strength of the reasons for the departure of Neo-criticized system. Wang Tingxiang book compiled for the collectively referred to as Qi (the body) theory, because they are in the movement of gas and gas to explain the body. but the attributable to the gas. So Zai body to distinguish the gas, he usually > Void word first appeared in full sense of the philosophical concept, to the early Han Dynasty's Philosophy is the true origin of the concept of Void. Void where is the deep space of the initial empty state, that is primitive, all things are generated because of its differentiation. Zhang Zai's to Zai said: No virtual invisible elephant. invisible elephant Void-free, is the gas body. together, or scattered in the different variations have different: gas is condensed into the polymer material and gas is scattered return Void. Void is eternal philosophical ontology, and everything is changing world of all things, there is a temporary form of gas, the so-called interpretation of the concept of combination passenger-shaped relationship between the Void and parting, and its meaning are two points: First, is the gasification of the primitive Void. Void is the bulk of the gas but not together, let it together, for the gas. primitive mentioned here, and can not be understood as Void angry. Zai said that if the virtual could get angry, it means that the virtual (physical) infinity of the gas (use) is limited, the body with two sides separated by. This will actually fall a Taoist qi virtual only dispersed and the Void. together into a thing, against the original form of collapse . not like the request, Gu Yue Void. Void of the gas is not only used to describe the initial state of the universe, in fact, not only the beginning when all things virtual dissipated after the show is also gas. It is based on the gas going, have people natural and moral life of the creation. So he said: Void invisible, gas of the body, but not as clear as can pass; Wo dense, all of the alcohol, but not to income but also life and life, the life source of peace! as a whole is a and interpretation up through the popular Tai.
2. the most false thing-oriented, in Chinese history has a long tradition, especially its being the Taoism and the natural position. The Buddhist nature of space in the Confucian scholars, and nothing is the same type of non-indeed existence, it is based on Buddhism and Taoism and Confucianism are often mentioned. Zai era of Buddhism and Taoism, and its level of theoretical thinking has been fully demonstrated, and because super is better than the reality of leaving the traditional Confucian Neo-Confucianism, scholars have had to deal with Buddhism and theoretical creation challenges, while the super is better than the Buddha taken from the Buddha. Here, the theoretical performance of the most typical is the concept of Zhang Zai use Taixu Ontology of Buddhism and transformation of the void.
Zai first affirmed the As all things primitive. But all things primitive can be used as Void, is Buddhism and the absolutely must not be empty, but must be the existence of the so-called true The Find real. hh Gold and Iron is sometimes the rot, which sometimes destroy the mountain, where a tangible thing that is perishable,. J quasi nothing too shaken, so as to false. There Lun; l God of the set, Wushengwuchou r, Zhiyi. the body to any physical to, the history of ancient earth-shaking changes have repeatedly proved this truth. so body wants shake and will not be able to truly unify the two sides. Because areas of the body with the basic meaning is that the body must be used for performance, but with the invention is necessarily body. Thus, the body will inevitably lead to the false use of false, and body Real will automatically lead to use of the true relationship between the two sides are mutually invention. Buddhism Phase, true and false, both the unity of his intention to leave, virtual, magic, etc. as a precondition, it is inevitable to one side in it with body with each other and can not really deny the state of contradiction.
Hence the set to recognize the The latter, in his played one of his concept of the actual situation. He believes that if only in respect of the body in terms of the void, Buddhism, the He Suisi language is to go watch his hair this with Wuru two special to come back it is different. Here is the key to life, promising the world and so sincere in the Confucian view of reality is the concept of Buddhism is described as a Huanwang be rejected as a result, the concept will be completely honest to empty out. In contrast, Confucianism sincerity is clear that the experience of Heaven benevolence closely linked, so that the inherent honesty to enrich the mind. Therefore, in Confucianism sincerity is real, the entity in the heart of the Void nature. The so-called Void in reality in two ways, first, from the Great Void all things used to obtain their own, no want; Second, people can experience the nature of the Void from benevolence. Therefore, Void both days of the real, and is the heart of reality. True or False, which reflects the same Construction of one end of the body can not reasonably question. in order to achieve go and come virtual body, Zhang Zai proposed the Do so-called emphasis on the general overall relationship between the dialectical grasp the significance of the actual situation. He believes that although the invisible visible Void and gasification of the other, but they are true and jump to the present. and Buddhism and the nature of space, nothing is built on the negation of the real world on the basis of authenticity, and that all things are false illusion, and thus the role of the body and the phenomenon of split off from the two sides.
Wang Tingxiang . gas has changed, is the road have changed. gas that channel, channel that is gas, not to clutch commentators and Road. imaginary similarities with the Dao, that it was originally a gas, rather than the outside air separate from the virtual body. Also, from the days, both inside and outside air, land has also gas, the actual situation things are gas, through a very up and down, good fortune of the entities. Therefore in empty gas by almost non-energy angry also; reasons set out in the gas, gas can not be started. Shiru that l anger management can be r, the old world r s l Dawson carry on. qi possible. Wang Tingxiang went Zai isolated form of Buddhism, of which respect its movement yin and yang There are two forms of virtual and gasification, gas or something more on the slide side of the Void is often easy to make. Therefore, Zhang also proposed the notion of set to be added to enhance both the virtual and gas dialectical unity.
1. do the requirement
Zhang Zai that whether the unity of the actual situation. He said: is no power to right? To grasp the unity of the two opposing things in the body. sex and whether the actual situation is between the invention of such a relationship with each other. So, whether the body or gasification Void know the world is to see if he can actually hold as the two the unification of. The reason is very simple, only the void of the invisible, then mixed with Buddhism and Taoism as a whole, empty out the basis of Confucian life practice; and can only sense of gasification, but also because of its no body, eventually denounced by Buddhism and Taoism. So he asked to do
However, in view of Buddhism and the virtual nature of talk about clones, but not about sexual shortcomings of solid, Zhang Zai emphasis on an integral requirement, deny the existence of men and women of diet, it also denied the Wisdom of nature. Zhang Zai invention yes or no : . dream life of constant learning, no wonder no match for Buddhism and the.
2. Mind temperament
the other hand, be aware of not seeking sex, sex does not mean there is not space, not virtual reality , of the reality of the Confucian mandate of heaven has always been the reality through an objective to give support. Confucianism is an objective adhere to the same fate of the body, is one reason why the man's inner. but of how to prove and demonstrate the existence of its own problems , but it is not resolved by traditional Confucianism or less concern. Buddhism, although the illusion, a false, birth and death concepts to describe the phenomenon of the world's false, but they are from the phase-harmony, that is, the angle of the body that is used turn body and reveal the interdependence of the phenomenon was very thorough, which exposed the Confucian theory of defects in the same time, transform and upgrade traditional Confucian Confucianism provided the theoretical level of theory can learn from the source. Neo-Confucianism as the nature of the traditional Confucian the specific performance of the scope of the situation inherited down and make love not only with the person's mental activity related to the performance but also has the general meaning of ontology, which is proposed by Zhang Zai the birth and death, it is real and not imaginary, so the outset, Chang Tsai stressed that but should be is that, out in the is the world's gas, gasification of the phenomenon of human perception all the time. However, the gas needed for the philosophical theory of ontology is the proof. from Zhang Zai and Wang Tingxiang of the real existence of the Ontology of the proof can be seen they fully reflect the relative lack of scientific means in the case of the philosopher's wisdom.
(a) Proof of Zhang Zai Zai
had other examples to prove the gas can be a sense of reality rather than the nature of nothingness. Although he saw the reality of the phenomenon of experience and the reality of air between the body, not a direct relationship between the equal sign. But since it is the actual situation together, and the body In use, the role and can also sense from the start to the indirect gasification that he wants to come to the conclusion.
1. the eyes and ears inside and outside of the Road
United Zai that sensory knowledge is in the verification gas the reality of the body play a role. For example: to, through the extreme with! mutual exchange collisions, resulting in the generation of wind to run in a different space. People run through the generation of wind and heard the sound and not fat and to the perception, can indirectly verify the Void Kiyomichi the actual existence of the gas. Therefore, The role of eyes and ears and can not be underestimated:
eyes and ears of the combination of available smell of human harmony with the actual situation of the world's basic means of communication. No matter how internal and external changes in the nature of the marvelous and wise thoughts of how people are only through the eyes and ears of the senses to each other. But Precisely because of this, people will be deep from the eyes and ears of the senses to the mind. Han Tang Confucian scholars to experience limited knowledge level of the force, because the two sides are not in direct opposition to the state, but can be compatible. So Zai also requires not only hard to grasp the Void body senses. He said: moon and stars, like the book too; when to seek day of the virtual heart. Void of Buddhism received a summary of criticism of the most important experience. people can not go beyond the physical senses are limited, and ultimately bound to have Buddhists from their own limited personal experience, knowledge of the infinite universe to speculation, when its small insight can not understand an infinite variety of the universe, they arbitrarily denounce as Huan Wang, in fact, can only be self-deception. end edge of the Buddhism empty body, and Buddhism in fact go to the same limited knowledge of the die body has an unlimited license.
3. whether the actual situation of the unity of the unity of the actual situation without
can be said that Zhang Zai handy The most fundamental weapons. He said: inherent in this body of material and so the spirits can not be left behind. for a certain image; the presence and image of all, no not the gas bulk or poly or casual effect. Further, the gas so that everything is, but as empty as the wonders of the natural gas, so that flexion and extension between the heaven and earth room, everything is exactly as before, according to campaign for the endless changes. Thus, the ontological reality of gas will eventually be proved.
(b) Wang Tingxiang proof
Wang Tingxiang also uses human senses to prove the real existence of gas. the Buddhism and the nihilistic view, but this lack of further proof. So Cheng, Zhu Xi has made this view card. that the gas is endless, and the old went out again with a new, and the fundamental new gas What does not need to find Zhang Zai's level, because He wanted to prove that the real gas deposits, but also because of manager angry response from the eternal nature of the gas card has the challenge of.
1.
Wang Tingxiang gas reduction a bad idea that the total gasification campaign, asking the burning and smoke into rehabilitation. This is the morphological changes of qi itself is not determined by who and generation. Thus the Less is also the beginning of a bad idea Financial Results parting, but there is no loss of weight as water. gasification specific changes do not affect the general morphology of the presence of air or gas ontological status.
2. Li aerial roots in the air rather than to reason
Since the immortal air, it would be no need to generate by the management. On the contrary, the rationale for the gas and the law of movement truth, it is inseparable from the existence of gas itself. Huo-yen and had to get water into water vapor, vegetation was Huozhuo forced into the smoke, this transformation is dependent on the gasification of the law can not be independent. and, more importantly, one thing into something else, this property is no longer the law of the original work, decay can also be said that the. the so-called Ya references to br> 3.
inherent nature of the gas and reason, gas Philosophy of the same category as this faction is particularly true in the Hunan sexuality. In Zai, although you can integrate the virtual nature of gas, but not First is the virtual gas. So he has gas there and everything is just not destroy the nature of interest. He concluded: can not exist independently but also, twenty years before God and the nature of l are inherent in gas r. is consistent.
IV in Human Nature and Human Nature Cultivation
, Zhang put forward the innovative set of very active in the holy door, after a meeting at the school. .
(a) is in the nature and temperament of
from the Zai gasification product of harmony. where nature is the nature of temperament, it is the people and animals have the inherent natural properties, is beginning during their remaining life is affected by the intrinsic differences between the yin and yang formed. gas intrinsic acquired actually determines the fate of the human: controlled by intrinsic qualities or gas, because he also has a nature or in the nature of Void side. the latter is temperament and in the nature of the relationship, both Zhang Zai that the two represent the opposite of moral attributes. He said: smell (olfactory) taste, are also up against the resistance. known German who is tired of it, not to Shiyu tired of their heart, not to harm small large, the last funeral of the Yan Seoul. one is in the nature of the gas, to invade the sexual desire is the temperament, the two unity of opposites. but the moral attributes, it is reflected in the nature of the requirements of justice, the nature of temperament who is out of the desires of the needs. Therefore, content with his own temperament, while the reverse should be innate goodness of his experience: seeking benefits from the change in temperament, not the disadvantages of Seoul are all people, finally invented nothing, not see the saint of Austria. , the cultivation of the whole concept of Neo has a profound effect.
(b) of the Life State
in Zhang Zai's Realm. This includes his known, love must be universal love, as not only to become. said, by specific exposition. The opening paragraph reads: . the people, my compatriots; matter, I and the people. is a. in this family structure, the earth is our parents, the monarch is a parent's Zongzi (Allegiance), Secretary of State is assisted Zongzi housekeeper. We now live in the same family, also they should be submissive to their parents monarch and his subjects our lives and destiny of all the arrangements.
to, , I rather have Fukuzawa you meet is rich, this is heaven's favor on your life; if you meet the poor and interlinked, it is to exercise your world, so that means your success. So, alive, I submit the world all; died, I quietly gone quiet.
Zhang Zai's the meaning of human love, but also promote submissive, do not do unnatural, maintenance ...
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